When you go to bed at night, do you find yourself tossing and turning? With CBD products, getting a good night’s sleep doesn’t have to be hard.
Here, we’re going to run through some of the best CBD products, from gummies to tinctures to capsules, to enhance your sleep.
Royal CBD Sleep+ Gummies are the best CBD product for sleep. They strike a great balance between CBD and melatonin for restful sleep. Plus, they taste great!
4. CBDistillery CBN + CBD Oil Tincture
Potency: (3.8/5) — The lower potency is ideal if you need a gentle dose to support your sleep.
Flavor: (3.5/5) — While the earthy hemp taste is loud and proud, this might not be ideal if you prefer fruity flavors.
Third-Party Testing: (4.0/5) — You can view the full lab results on the product page so you can see the safety and purity for yourself.
Doses per pack: (3.9/5) — A recommended dose is 1 ml, so the 30 ml bottle contains 30 doses. This is an appropriate number of doses for the price.
Pros and Cons
- Easy-to-use dropper: Easily achieve a consistent dose every night.
- Subscription discounts: Save money on each bottle when you set up a monthly order.
- Natural hemp flavor: Since there’s no added flavor, you might not like the natural taste of hemp.
- Lower potency: Compared to competitors, the oil has a low-to-moderate dosage and potency — you may need to take a higher dose to feel results.
- Higher price point: Compared to similar products, the price point is a little higher than you might expect.
CBDistillery stands apart as a trusted CBD brand thanks to its focus on isolating only the most useful and relevant parts of the hemp plant. This CBN + CBD oil tincture is almost entirely made up of full-spectrum extract, with some coconut oil as a carrier.
Unlike with gummies, which you eat and wait up to two hours to feel the effects, taking CBD oil is quick and easy. Using the included dropper, you squeeze a drop below your tongue, hold it there for a minute, and then swallow.
The main benefit of consuming CBD oil is that your body absorbs it directly into your bloodstream rather than into your digestive system. A small dose can achieve the same results as a large dose in less time, which is perfect if you want to take CBD for sleep.
5. Lazarus Naturals CBD + CBN Sleep Capsules
Potency: (3.9/5) — The moderate potency makes these capsules ideal for individuals with mild to middling sleep issues.
Flavor: (N/A) — The capsules are entirely tasteless, which could be seen as a benefit or drawback, depending on personal preference.
Third-Party Testing: (4.0/5) — The product undergoes third-party testing to ensure safety and purity.
Doses per pack: (4.0/5) — Each bottle contains approximately a month’s supply, which is appropriate for the price.
Pros and Cons
- Easy-to-take doses: Dosing couldn’t be easier — simply pop a capsule at bedtime.
- Affordable pricing: Each bottle of capsules contains 40 doses for $50, which is great value.
- No flavor: Flavorless capsules are designed to be swallowed whole – this makes the product less enjoyable.
- The capsules are large: 50 mg capsules may be too large for some people to swallow.
- Effects can vary: Because your body absorbs the contents of the capsules slowly, the impact of them may vary.
Lazarus Naturals is a company that truly believes in the benefits of CBD and works to produce affordable full-spectrum extracted cannabinoids.
These capsules have a 30 mg dose of CBD and a 10 mg dose each of CBN and cannabigerol (CBG). These phytochemicals are derived through full-spectrum extraction to get the full benefit of the entourage effect.
The science is still ongoing, but CBG may have many positive effects, including reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression, lessening chronic pain, and potentially even helping with inflammatory bowel disease and glaucoma.
Because the capsules need to be broken down by the digestive system before the cannabinoids can take effect, it may take a slightly longer time for these capsules to set in compared to oils and gummies. Lazarus Naturals recommends taking one to two capsules to start with for a 50–100 mg dose.
Impressively, the company also offers a 60% discount for veterans, those on long-term disability, and low-income households.
6. CBDfx CBD Oil Sleep Tincture
Potency: (3.7/5) — The limited potency makes this product ideal for general sleep support.
Flavor: (3.6/5) — The unflavored CBD oil may not appeal to everyone, as taste is subjective and can be hard to grade.
Third-Party Testing: (4.0/5) — Up-to-date lab results are available on the CBDfx website, with new reports posted almost monthly.
Doses per pack: (3.8/5) — Each pack contains approximately 30 doses, which is average for CBD-infused tinctures.
Pros and Cons
- THC-free: The perfect addition to your nighttime routine, with no psychoactive effects.
- Simple dropper cap: The dropper cap is simple to use and gives you easy, consistent doses.
- Mid-range potency: Per portion, the potency of the cannabinoid content is fairly middling.
- Natural flavor: This product is unflavored, so only buy this if you like CBD’s natural, earthy flavor.
- Experimentation may be needed: To find the ideal dose for your sleep needs, you may have to experiment over time.
CBDfx is a huge company in the world of CBD, with a lot of expertise and experience under its belt. This straightforward tincture combines CBN and CBD, with a roughly 10:1 ratio of CBD to CBN. This is an unusual ratio and does show how much the company believes in the sleep-inducing properties of CBD.
This tincture includes a usual ratio of broad-spectrum CBN to CBD, as well as added melatonin to trigger unbroken sleep, gathered through broad-spectrum extraction.
Notably, the tincture contains an undisclosed mixture of terpenes: 10 mg per serving. While it’s unclear exactly what terpenes do in a human, they’re sometimes thought to influence how cannabinoids interact with the body. Therefore, this mysterious terpene blend may improve the bioavailability of different phytochemicals within the tincture.
7. Medterra CBD & Melatonin Sleep Tight Gummies
Potency: (3.9/5) — With 25 mg of CBD per gummy, this dosage can enhance general sleep quality without being too overpowering.
Flavor: (4.0/5) — While only available in one flavor, blackberry lemonade, it’s crafted to improve the overall user experience.
Third-Party Testing: (4.3/5) — Medterra provides third-party Certificates of Analysis for all its products, ensuring quality and purity.
Doses per pack: (4.0/5) — With 30 gummies per pack, it’s enough to last the average user for a month.
Pros and Cons
- THC-free: The CBD-focused formula sends you off to sleep without any psychoactive effects.
- Certified by the US Hemp Authority: Medterra’s US-grown hemp is farmed with high standards, so you can count on quality ingredients.
- Contains 5-HTP: 5-HTP isn’t suitable for everyone. Avoid these gummies if you’re sensitive to 5-HTP’s effects.
- Potential grogginess: Some users report feeling groggy the morning after taking the gummies.
- Only one flavor option: While the blackberry lemonade flavor is yummy, it might not be to everyone’s taste.
Medterra grows its hemp and makes its products in the US. This, combined with a passion for CBD education and certification from the US Hemp Authority, showcases how determined this brand is to pursue excellence.
Each gummy contains 25 mg of CBD, as well as other chemicals to aid restful sleep: chamomile, passionflower, lemon balm, melatonin, and 100 mg of L-theanine.
L-theanine is a phytochemical derived from several different sources, with studies showing a link between taking it and a reduction in stress and anxiety. This reduction may help you sleep even if you have a particularly active mind and find it difficult to wind down in the evening.
Medterra’s Sleep Tight gummies also include 5-HTP, which may not be suitable for everyone. There has been science to show that 5-HTP produces serotonin, which the body can then convert into melatonin.
5-HTP can have intense side effects, especially at larger doses. The most common side effects are nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain – unfortunately, these symptoms are unlikely to aid sleep. It’s wise to start with a small dose and consult with your doctor before considering taking 5-HTP in any form.
8. NuLeaf Naturals Full-Spectrum CBD Oil
Potency: (3.8/5) — Each serving contains 30 mg of CBD, offering a reasonable concentration for general sleep support.
Flavor: (3.2/5) — The natural hemp flavor is quite distinctive, which may not appeal to everyone.
Third-Party Testing: (4.0/5) — Comprehensive testing ensures the product is safe and of high quality.
Doses per pack: (3.7/5) — The oil provides a reasonable number of servings for everyday use when compared to competitors.
Pros and Cons
- Organic hemp: Only organic hemp is used for this oil, ensuring you’re consuming safe ingredients.
- Rapid sublingual application: Sublingual application can offer more rapid support than other methods for sleep support before bed.
- Earthy hemp flavor: This oil contains no flavorings, meaning that the earthy hemp flavor is front and center.
- Higher price point: Although you can set up a subscription to save money, this oil still costs more per serving than other products.
- Only available as oil: While oil is ideal for some, many people prefer gummies or capsules.
NuLeaf Naturals is a super eco-focused company that produces all of its products with full-spectrum extracted CBD oil and cannabinoids derived from organic hemp. Nuleaf uses subcritical and supercritical CO2 extraction techniques to get all available phytochemicals from hemp plants. In keeping with the eco-focused mindset of the business, this process is natural, effective, and doesn’t use any chemical solvents.
This particular CBD oil is impressive because it contains no ingredients that don’t come from the hemp plant. The CBD content is in the full-spectrum hemp extract, and the carrier oil is made from hemp seeds.
There are some downsides to this oil’s simple production: there are no flavorings or sleep-enhancing additions. If you don’t like the taste of hemp, then this oil’s natural hemp flavor might not be for you.
9. PureKana CBD Sleep Aid Tincture
Potency: (3.7/5) — With 50 mg of CBD per 1 ml, this concentration is sufficient for most users, and the added melatonin enhances overall potency.
Flavor: (3.9/5) — The blueberry flavor is well-liked and receives positive reviews from users.
Third-Party Testing: (4.0/5) — Lab reports confirm the product’s safety and purity, providing peace of mind for consumers.
Doses per pack: (2/5) — With only 30 servings per bottle, the high price per dose may deter some users.
Pros and Cons
- Blueberry flavor: The blueberry flavor makes every drop a treat!
- Vegan and non-GMO: With clean, natural ingredients, this tincture is perfect for vegans and people who want to avoid artificial additives.
- Consistent use may be required: You may need to use the tincture for several days or weeks to notice results.
- Contains melatonin: While melatonin is a common sleep aid, it is not suitable for everyone.
- Only available online: The tincture can only be purchased online, meaning that it’s not available immediately and easily for many people.
PureKana takes a chemistry-focused approach to its products, ensuring that the chemical content is well-balanced to achieve the desired effects. In this Sleep Aid Tincture, designed to be taken sublingually, each dose has around 50 mg of CBD. The concentration is 50 mg per 1 ml, and the typical dropper dispenses around 1 ml per drop.
Due to a combination of sublingual application, which gets the cannabinoids into your system more rapidly, and the melatonin trigger, you should notice a rapid onset of relaxing effects.
PureKana also includes a 35 mg dose of their proprietary Sleep Terpene Rich Extract Blend, which includes traditional sleep aids, such as lavender and chamomile. Chamomile has been shown to have a mild sedative effect, meaning that it may relax the nervous system and promote sleep.
10. FabCBD Sleep Gummies
Potency: (3.6/5) — Each gummy contains 12.5 mg of CBD, a reasonable dose for general sleep support.
Flavor: (3.8/5) — The mixed-berry flavor makes these gummies much more enjoyable to take.
Third-Party Testing: (4.0/5) — Lab testing guarantees that every gummy is safe and of high quality.
Doses per pack: (4.0/5) — Each pack contains 60 gummies, but due to the moderate CBD content, you may need to take more than one for noticeable effects.
Pros and Cons
- Contains helpful compounds: These gummies contain L-theanine, 5-HTP, and melatonin to enhance overall sleep quality.
- Mixed berry flavor: A sweet and fruity flavor makes the gummies much more enjoyable.
- Contains 5-HTP: While 5-HTP can have a great impact, it’s not suitable for all.
- Effects may vary: You may need to take more than one gummy to feel the effects.
- Only one flavor option: Only having one option limits the user experience overall.
FabCBD uses its products and education to encourage people to pursue a lifestyle of preventative wellness. This approach can be seen in the ingredients in the Sleep Gummies.
The active ingredient is 12.5 mg of CBD per chew — a lower dose than other products on this list. If you’re a beginner or have a low tolerance, starting off small and building up can be an effective way to find the right CBD level for you.
The secondary ingredients include L-theanine, 5-HTP, and melatonin, all of which support restful sleep. Two other key calming ingredients of these gummies are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ashwagandha. GABA blocks some brain signals and slows down your central nervous system, and ashwagandha works to regulate your stress response. While these two effects aren’t directly linked to sleep, their potential calming influence may help you drift off to sleep.
Best CBD for Sleep: A Side-by-Side Comparison
Looking for the perfect CBD product to help you sleep? We’ve compared our top picks to make it easier for you to find the best fit for your needs.
| Product | Potency | Flavor | Third-Party Testing | Doses per pack | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Royal CBD Sleep+ Gummies (Best Overall) | 4.8/5 | 100% natural ingredients give these gummies a light, fruity flavor. | Royal CBD regularly engages in third-party lab testing to ensure their products’ safety and quality. | Each pack contains 30 gummies, which is enough for one to two months and comparable to other CBD gummies. | Check Price |
| Area 52 Neptune Sleep Gummies (Runner-Up) | 4.7/5 | The sweet, tasty flavor makes these fun to eat — you’ll look forward to your nighttime gummy. | Trusted third-party labs conduct thorough tests to confirm the gummies are both safe and potent. | Thirty gummies per pack is a generous amount, offering good value over time. | Check Price |
| GoldBee Melatonin + CBD + CBN Sleep Gummies | 4.9/5 | The natural honey flavor is delicious — and unique across the CBD product market. | Rigorous third-party testing ensures that the gummies are both safe and pure. | Thirty doses per pack is a generous portion and is good value. | Check Price |
| CBDistillery CBN + CBD Oil Tincture | 3.8/5 | While the earthy hemp taste is loud and proud, this might not be ideal if you prefer fruity flavors. | You can view the full lab results on the product page so you can see the safety and purity for yourself. | A recommended dose is 1 ml, so the 30 ml bottle contains 30 doses. This is an appropriate number of doses for the price. | – |
| Lazarus Naturals CBD + CBN Sleep Capsules | 3.9/5 | The capsules are entirely tasteless, which could be seen as a benefit or drawback, depending on personal preference. | The product undergoes third-party testing to ensure safety and purity. | Each bottle contains approximately a month’s supply, which is appropriate for the price. | – |
| CBDfx CBD Oil Sleep Tincture | 3.7/5 | The unflavored CBD oil may not appeal to everyone, as taste is subjective and can be hard to grade. | Up-to-date lab results are available on the CBDfx website, with new reports posted almost monthly. | Each pack contains approximately 30 doses, which is average for CBD-infused tinctures. | – |
| Medterra CBD & Melatonin Sleep Tight Gummies | 3.9/5 | While only available in one flavor, blackberry lemonade, it’s crafted to improve the overall user experience. | Medterra provides third-party Certificates of Analysis for all its products, ensuring quality and purity. | With 30 gummies per pack, it’s enough to last the average user for a month. | – |
| NuLeaf Naturals Full-Spectrum CBD Oil | 3.8/5 | The natural hemp flavor is quite distinctive, which may not appeal to everyone. | Comprehensive testing ensures the product is safe and of high quality. | The oil provides a reasonable number of servings for everyday use when compared to competitors. | – |
| PureKana CBD Sleep Aid Tincture | 3.7/5 | The blueberry flavor is well-liked and receives positive reviews from users. | Lab reports confirm the product’s safety and purity, providing peace of mind for consumers. | With only 30 servings per bottle, the high price per dose may deter some users. | – |
| FabCBD Sleep Gummies | 3.6/5 | The mixed-berry flavor makes these gummies much more enjoyable to take. | Lab testing guarantees that every gummy is safe and of high quality. | Each pack contains 60 gummies, but due to the moderate CBD content, you may need to take more than one for noticeable effects. | – |
CBD & Sleep: What To Know
CBD is one of the primary cannabinoids in the hemp plant. Unlike THC, it has no psychoactive properties but may have other impacts on your body.
Studies have shown that CBD may be able to help with sleep — let’s break down the science and get into the details of CBD gummies, oils, and capsules for sleep.
How CBD Influences Sleep
Research shows CBD may be able to help with some sleep disorders, including insomnia. While the research on this is still ongoing, a leading theory is that CBD interacts with your endocannabinoid system (ECS) to prevent internal endocannabinoids from being broken down. In turn, this may allow them to have more of an impact on your body, possibly leading to better sleep.
CBD can have different impacts at different stages of sleep, but most notably during REM sleep. Studies have shown that a high dose of CBD can slightly delay REM sleep during an average sleep cycle [1].
Comparing Different CBD Extracts for Sleep Enhancement
Which type of CBD extract is best for sleep? Let’s compare:
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Full-spectrum CBD: Contains CBD and other cannabinoids, including THC.
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Broad-spectrum CBD: Contains CBD and other cannabinoids, but not THC.
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CBD isolate: Contains only CBD and no other cannabinoids.
| CBD Extract | Impact on sleep |
|---|---|
| Full-spectrum | Notable after 1 month, with potential grogginess |
| Broad-spectrum | Notable after 1 month |
| CBD isolate (a particularly high dose) | Increased duration of sleep [2] |
Based on these data points, it appears that the more pure the dose of CBD, the better it can help with your sleep. For that reason, CBD isolates may be most effective: they have a high concentration of CBD and don’t include other chemicals, such as THC.
Exploring CBD Delivery Methods: What’s Most Effective for Sleep?
There are four main ways you can take CBD: oils, gummies, capsules, and topicals. Let’s compare each type of product:
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Gummies and capsules: Edibles are ideal for sleep aids because you always take the same dosage — just pop a gummy or a pill! This will give you a predictable impact on your sleep.
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Oils: CBD oils can be ideal for sleep as you can take them sublingually — under your tongue. This method helps the oil absorb into your system much more rapidly.
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Topicals: You apply these creams to your skin, which is less ideal for sleep due to the slow absorption time. You have to wait for the ointment to absorb and then wait for the effects to kick in.
Since the most impactful way to aid sleep is through the rapid absorption of pure CBD, many people prefer CBD oil or gummies as sleep aids.
If pain and anxiety constantly interrupt your sleep, try CBD for anxiety and CBD for pain. These products come in various formats such as oils and tinctures. You’ll also find CBD gummies for anxiety here as well as potent CBD gummies for pain. You can even pair these with CBD cream for targeted pain relief.
Tips for Better Sleep With CBD & Sleep Hygiene
If you’re ready to incorporate CBD into your bedtime routine, follow these tips to get the best results:
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Put away your phone: When you pop that CBD gummy, put your phone somewhere where you won’t be tempted to look at it. Removing blue light from your environment can aid sleep greatly.
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Pair CBD with other relaxation techniques: When you take your CBD before bed, try a mindful meditation to ease you to sleep.
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Take your CBD at the right time: It’s best to take CBD about one hour before bed, but keep track of how the CBD affects you. Depending on the type of product you choose and your tolerance, you may need to take it for more or less than an hour before going to sleep.
CBD: Interactions With Sleep Aids & Medications
While using CBD as a sleep aid can be wonderful, it can affect other medications that you might take. Most notably, CBD can interact with blood-thinning medication that you’re taking. If you’re considering taking CBD as a sleep aid, speak with your doctor first: it’s important to be aware of side effects ahead of time.
A secondary concern is the impurities that may be in CBD products. While the labeled ingredients may be safe, some unknown additives can be included in cheaper products. For that reason, it’s wise to ensure you get a high-quality product.
CBD for Sleep: What Does the Research Say?
CBD can certainly be helpful for sleep, with a lot of research concluding that it may help in a range of different ways. This is important, as sleep can be disrupted in a range of different ways.
Some core ways that CBD may improve sleep quality are:
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Reducing anxiety levels: Slowing down a racing, anxious mind can aid sleep very effectively [2].
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Reducing sleepiness at inopportune times: By ensuring that you’re ‘quarantining’ sleepiness to the times you’re in bed, you can build a subconscious association between your bed and quality sleep [3].
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Reducing levels of chronic pain: Pain often keeps sufferers awake, so effective management could be exceptionally helpful [4].
Does CBD Have a Future in Treating Sleep Disorders?
This is a very complex question, with the science still in its infancy. However, a 2022 review finds that CBD could help treat insomnia. However, it’s unclear whether this is the case with CBD alone or with CBD mixed with THC.
Frequently Asked Questions: CBD for Sleep
Still have questions? We’ve got you covered. Check out the answers to common questions about CBD and sleep.
1. How Long Does CBD Take Effect for Improving Sleep?
CBD usually starts working for sleep improvement within 30 to 90 minutes, though this depends on factors like your metabolism and the form of CBD. For faster results, consider using CBD oil sublingually.
2. Can I Use CBD Every Night For Sleep?
Yes, CBD can be used nightly to help with sleep. Many individuals find it beneficial for maintaining regular sleep patterns, but it’s wise to consult a healthcare professional to ensure safe and effective long-term use.
3. Does CBD Cause Grogginess Or Hangover Effects In The Morning?
CBD does not cause grogginess or hangover symptoms the next day. However, individual reactions may be different, and for some people, even trace amounts of THC in full-spectrum products can lead to feelings of grogginess.
4. Is Combining CBD with Other Sleep Medications Safe?
It can be safe to combine CBD with other sleep aids, but it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider first. CBD may interact with certain medications, particularly blood thinners, so it’s best to get professional advice before combining them.
5. Will Using CBD for Sleep Cause Me to Fail a Drug Test?
Most CBD products contain very little THC (less than 0.3%). However, full-spectrum CBD products can contain some trace amounts which may show up on a drug test. To avoid this being an issue, try broad-spectrum CBD products or CBD isolate products that contain no THC.
6. How Do I Determine the Right CBD Dosage for Sleep?
The right CBD dosage for you depends on your weight, metabolism, and age. To find the best dose for you, start with a lower dose and slowly increase. To be doubly confident in your dosage, consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice.
7. Are There Any Side Effects When Using CBD for Sleep?
Some people find minor side effects when using CBD, including dry mouth, dizziness, or changes in appetite. If you experience more intense side effects, reduce the dosage immediately and consult a healthcare professional.
CBD isn’t just for humans. Today, many pet owners use specially formulated CBD oil for their pets. You can buy pet CBD oil online or order lab-tested CBD dog treats for anxiety for your precious pup.
8. Can CBD Help with Specific Sleep Disorders Like Insomnia or Sleep Apnea?
This is a complex area of study, with the science largely still ongoing. However, a 2022 review found that certain sleep disorders, such as insomnia, may be alleviated through the use of CBD [5]. This usage addresses the underlying causes of a sleep disorder, such as anxiety or chronic pain.
9. What Is the Difference Between Full-Spectrum, Broad-Spectrum, and CBD Isolate Products for Sleep?
Full-spectrum CBD contains all of the cannabinoids in hemp, therefore including trace amounts of THC. Broad-spectrum CBD contains most cannabinoids except THC. CBD isolate is just CBD, with no other cannabinoids included.
To avoid grogginess or side effects of THC, opt for broad-spectrum or CBD isolate may be better.
10. What Are the Legal Considerations When Using CBD for Sleep?
While CBD products derived from hemp containing less than 0.3% THC are legal at the federal level in the United States, specific regulations vary by state and country. It’s essential to research and understand local laws regarding CBD possession and use, particularly when traveling across state or international borders.
References
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Kaul, M., Zee, P. C., & Sahni, A. S. (2021). Effects of Cannabinoids on Sleep and Their Therapeutic Potential for Sleep Disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-021-01013-w
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Shannon, S. (2019). Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series. The Permanente Journal, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/18-041
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Babson, K. A., Sottile, J., & Morabito, D. (2017). Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: A Review of the Literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0775-9
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Vučković, S., Srebro, D., Vujović, K. S., Vučetić, Č., & Prostran, M. (2018). Cannabinoids and Pain: New Insights From Old Molecules. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01259
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Ranum, R. M., Whipple, M. O., Croghan, I., Bauer, B., Toussaint, L. L., & Vincent, A. (2022). Use of Cannabidiol in the Management of Insomnia: A Systematic Review. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2022.0122
Further Reading
| [1] | Kossowsky, J., Minegishi, M., Cox, R., Chretien, A., & Weitzman, E. (2022). 189. Association Between Cannabis Use and Covid-19 Exposure, Impact and Distress Among Adolescent Patients. Journal of Adolescent Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.01.106 |
| [2] | Verdoux, H., & Tournier, M. (2004). Cannabis use and risk of psychosis: an etiological link?. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x0000333x |
| [3] | Ramirez, M., Tolbert, P., Beckmann, J., Lile, J., Stoops, W., & Wesley, M. (2025). The Neurobehavioral Influence of Daily/Near Daily Cannabis Use on Value-Based Decision-Making. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112178 |
| [4] | Romero, L. (2019). Medical Cannabis in Argentina. History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals. https://doi.org/10.3368/hopp.61.3-4.78 |
| [5] | Vimal, D., D’Souza, L. C., Rai, V., Lal, S., Sharma, A., & Gupta, S. C. (2023). Efficacy of Cannabis and its Constituents in Disease Management: Insights from Clinical Studies. Current Medicinal Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867329666220525124818 |
| [6] | Silva, K. D., & Perera, D. (2011). Cannabis, Collaterals, and Coronary Occlusion. Case Reports in Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/469850 |
| [7] | Piercey, C. J., Mataczynski, M., Stallsmith, V. T., Emery, N. N., & Karoly, H. C. (2024). Examining Associations Between Cannabis Use Disorder and Measures of Weekly and Within-Day Cannabis Frequency, Quantity, and Potency in College Students. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2022.0293 |
| [8] | Ortiz, Y. T., McMahon, L. R., & Wilkerson, J. L. (2022). Medicinal Cannabis and Central Nervous System Disorders. Frontiers in Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.881810 |
| [9] | Haque, E., Li, H., Oladosu, J., Wang, X., Zeldin, D.C., & London, S.J. (2024). Epigenetic Signatures of Cigarette Smoke Exposure in a Murine Model. D26. UNVEILING CONNECTIONS: TOBACCO, CANNABIS, E-CIGARETTES, AND RESPIRATORY HEALTH INSIGHTS. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2024.209.1_meetingabstracts.a7125 |
| [10] | Mongan, D., Millar, S. R., O’Dwyer, C., Galvin, B., & Smyth, B. P. (2023). Trends in public attitudes to permitting cannabis for recreational use: analysis of Irish survey data since 2002. European Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad054 |
| [11] | Bonnet, U. (2017). Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome. Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800756-3.00055-7 |
| [12] | Lacroix, C., Guilhaumou, R., Micallef, J., Bruneteau, G., Desnuelle, C., & Blin, O. (2023). Cannabis for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: What is the patients’ view?. Revue Neurologique. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2023.03.018 |
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